Q: Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of a capillary if the hydrostatic pressure is 32 mm Hg and the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg. Use the formula $$NFP = \text{Hydrostatic Pressure} - \text{Colloid Osmotic Pressure}.$$

$$NFP = 32\ \text{mm Hg} - 25\ \text{mm Hg} = 7\ \text{mm Hg}$$, so fluid moves out of the capillary.

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why arteries are more likely than veins to maintain a round, open lumen when empty?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have a thicker tunica media with more smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

Question 2

A patient with liver failure has a significant decrease in plasma albumin levels. Which of the following is the most likely effect on capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure, leading to increased net filtration and edema.

Question 3

Which of the following capillary types is most likely to be found in the liver and is specialized for the free exchange of large plasma proteins and blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

Question 4

A patient is experiencing severe dehydration. Which of the following changes would you expect in their blood viscosity and vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity and increased vascular resistance

Question 5

Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of a capillary if the hydrostatic pressure is 32 mm Hg and the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg. Use the formula $$NFP = 	ext{Hydrostatic Pressure} - 	ext{Colloid Osmotic Pressure}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 32\ 	ext{mm Hg} - 25\ 	ext{mm Hg} = 7\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$, so fluid moves out of the capillary.

Question 6

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the return of excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels

Question 7

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg. What is the systolic pressure, and what does it represent?

Accepted Answer

120 mm Hg; pressure during ventricular contraction

Question 8

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in total peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

Question 9

A person stands up quickly after lying down and feels dizzy. Which reflex is most responsible for the rapid adjustment of blood pressure in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases blood pressure by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 11

Which of the following is a local vasodilator that increases blood flow through a tissue by relaxing precapillary sphincters?

Accepted Answer

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 12

A patient with atherosclerosis develops plaques in their arteries. Which of the following best describes the effect of these plaques on blood flow?

Accepted Answer

They increase turbulence, which increases resistance and decreases blood flow.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about veins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Veins have thinner walls and lower blood pressure compared to arteries.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why obesity can contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure)?

Accepted Answer

Obesity increases total vessel length, which increases resistance.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure})$$

Question 16

A patient has a MAP (mean arterial pressure) that is too low. Which of the following is a potential consequence?

Accepted Answer

Tissues may not receive enough oxygen.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the vasa vasorum?

Accepted Answer

They supply blood to the cells of the tunica media and tunica externa in large vessels.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the respiratory pump in venous return?

Accepted Answer

Inhalation decreases thoracic pressure, pulling blood into the chest and toward the heart.

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

Lowering blood volume and blood pressure

Question 20

A patient has a capillary hydrostatic pressure of 18 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg at the venous end of a capillary. Using the formula $$NFP = 	ext{Hydrostatic Pressure} - 	ext{Colloid Osmotic Pressure}$$, what is the direction of fluid movement?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 18\ 	ext{mm Hg} - 25\ 	ext{mm Hg} = -7\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$; fluid moves into the capillary from the interstitial fluid.

Blood Vessels: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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