Question 1

Which of the following best explains why bone mass increases in athletes and manual workers?

Accepted Answer

Physical stress stimulates osteoblasts to build bone, increasing bone density and mass.

Question 2

A patient is bedridden for several weeks. What is the most likely effect on their bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Bone mass will decrease, and up to one-third of bone mass can be lost due to inactivity.

Question 3

Which mineral is most critical for bone growth and remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 4

Which vitamin is essential for normal bone growth and maintenance, and its deficiency leads to rickets in children?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 5

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

What is the primary function of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It increases calcium and phosphorus absorption from the digestive tract.

Question 7

A patient presents with muscle spasms and tetany. Their blood calcium level is measured at $$5 \, mg/dL. $$What condition do they most likely have?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?

Accepted Answer

Bone formation

Question 9

Which structural classification of joints allows the most movement?

Accepted Answer

Diarthrosis (synovial joints)

Question 10

A patient with osteoarthritis is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Crackling sounds (crepitus) and bone spurs due to wear and tear of articular cartilage

Question 11

Which accessory structure in the knee joint helps absorb shock and distribute forces?

Accepted Answer

Menisci

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of bone fracture healing?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a fracture hematoma, followed by soft callus, hard callus, and then remodeling.

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia

Question 15

Which joint type is characterized by a synovial cavity filled with fluid and allows free movement?

Accepted Answer

Synovial joint (diarthrosis)

Question 16

Which of the following statements about calcium homeostasis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Calcium levels must be kept constant, even at the expense of bone strength.

Question 17

Which of the following is a clinical consequence of joint immobilization?

Accepted Answer

Development of arthritis symptoms

Question 18

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is experiencing joint deformity. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune attack on synovial membrane leading to cartilage and bone degradation

Question 19

Which equation best represents the relationship between calcium ion concentration and bone resorption under the influence of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$] = +R_{bone}$$

Question 20

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the range of motion in a synovial joint?

Accepted Answer

Amount of synovial fluid produced by the liver

Bone Tissue & Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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