Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix using hydrochloric acid and enzymes, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle spasms and tingling due to hypocalcemia. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus conversion, remodeling

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the chemical composition of bone is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The inorganic component is mostly hydroxyapatite, which provides hardness and resistance to compression.

Question 5

A child with a genetic mutation affecting chondrocyte proliferation in the epiphyseal plate is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the formation of hydroxyapatite during bone mineralization?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca^{2+}$$ + $$PO_4$$^{3-} + OH^- \rightarrow Ca_{10}($$PO_4)_6(OH)_2$

Question 7

Which cell type is responsible for synthesizing and secreting osteoid in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 8

Which hormone acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL, inhibiting osteoclast formation and activity?

Accepted Answer

Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

Question 9

During appositional growth of bone, which process occurs?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external surface, increasing bone thickness.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why estrogen deficiency after menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen promotes bone mineralization and suppresses osteoclast formation through OPG.

Question 11

A patient with chronic kidney disease has low levels of activated vitamin D (calcitriol). Which bone disorder is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of insulin

Question 13

Which structure in a long bone is responsible for separating the diaphysis from the epiphysis during growth?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of canaliculi in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They connect lacunae, allowing communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about phosphate homeostasis in the body?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases phosphate excretion in urine to avoid solubility product formation.

Question 16

A 60-year-old woman presents with a vertebral compression fracture. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 17

Which process is primarily responsible for the lengthening of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone cells?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates osteoblasts and osteocytes to secrete RANKL, which activates osteoclasts.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of excessive glucocorticoid (cortisol) levels on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of bone growth and increased risk of osteoporosis

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal plasma calcium concentration range in mg/dL?

Accepted Answer

$$9.2 \leq [Ca$$^{2+}$$] \leq 10.4$$

Bone Tissue: Structure, Composition, and Function

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