Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass and remodeling rate, given that 5-7% of bone mass is recycled each week?

$$M_{new} = M_{old} \times (1 - r)$$, where $$r is $$the fraction recycled$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the patella. Based on bone classification, which type of bone is the patella?

Accepted Answer

Sesamoid bone

Question 3

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis, and what property does it provide?

Accepted Answer

Elastic cartilage; provides flexibility

Question 4

Cartilage grows in two ways: appositional and interstitial. Which process involves chondrocytes dividing and secreting new matrix from within?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth

Question 5

A long bone such as the femur is classified by which feature?

Accepted Answer

Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide

Question 6

Which bone type provides leverage for movement?

Accepted Answer

Long bones

Question 7

A gymnast suffers a compression fracture in her vertebra. Which bone classification does the vertebra belong to?

Accepted Answer

Irregular bone

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of flat bones?

Accepted Answer

Protect internal organs and serve as points of muscle attachment

Question 9

A child is diagnosed with rickets, a disease affecting bone development. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the formation of most bones at the base of the skull and long bones during development?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification

Question 11

During appositional growth, which cells are responsible for secreting new bone matrix beneath the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 12

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass and remodeling rate, given that 5-7% of bone mass is recycled each week?

Accepted Answer

$$M_{new} = M_{old} 	imes (1 - r)$$, where $$r is $$the fraction recycled$

Question 13

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures due to increased activity of which bone cell type?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland and functions to lower blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 15

Which equation describes the effect of calcitriol on blood calcium concentration ($$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{final} = [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{initial} + \Delta Ca$$^{2+}$$

Question 16

A patient with hypocalcemia is likely to experience which symptom?

Accepted Answer

Muscle spasms or tetany

Question 17

Which law explains why bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them?

Accepted Answer

Wolff's Law

Question 18

A weightlifter develops thickened bone at muscle attachment sites. This adaptation is best explained by which principle?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical stress and Wolff's Law

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

It is coordinated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 20

A patient with Paget's disease has bones with a very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Bones that grow fast but are structurally weak

Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Classification

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