Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally thick and heavy bones, especially in the face and hands, after the closure of epiphyseal plates. Which condition is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 3

Which bone marking is defined as a small, flat articular surface?

Accepted Answer

Facet

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts form bone collar → Chondrocytes enlarge and die → Blood vessels invade → Primary ossification center forms

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Break down and remodel bone matrix

Question 6

A 10-year-old child is diagnosed with rickets. Which of the following best explains the underlying problem?

Accepted Answer

Failure of bones to calcify due to vitamin D deficiency

Question 7

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing intestinal absorption, and enhancing kidney reabsorption of calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 8

A long bone grows in diameter through which process?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth at the periosteum

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the structure of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteons with concentric lamellae around a central canal

Question 10

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures because:

Accepted Answer

There is excessive loss of calcium, weakening the bone matrix

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

Stores red bone marrow for hematopoiesis

Question 12

A fracture in which the bone breaks but does not penetrate the skin is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Closed (simple) fracture

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of red bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Produces blood cells through hematopoiesis

Question 14

Which mineral is stored in bone and is essential for muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve impulse generation?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 15

A 15-year-old with Marfan syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following skeletal features?

Accepted Answer

Excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal plates, resulting in long, slender limbs

Question 16

Which of the following equations best represents the composition of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone Matrix} = 33\% 	ext{Collagen fibers} + 66\% 	ext{Crystallized mineral salts}$$

Question 17

Which process is responsible for the formation of the cranial vault, mandible, and clavicle during fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification

Question 18

A patient with a gene mutation causing bone formation in skeletal muscles is diagnosed with:

Accepted Answer

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the healing process of a bone fracture?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a fracture hematoma, callus formation, spongy bone formation, compact bone formation

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity is essential for bone health?

Accepted Answer

Imbalance can cause bones to become either too thick and heavy or too weak and soft

Bones and Bone Structure: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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