Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 2

A patient with leukemia is scheduled for a bone marrow transplant. Which bone is most commonly used for harvesting bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic bone

Question 3

Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main chemical it secretes to dissolve the inorganic matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; hydrogen ions

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the composition and function of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?

Accepted Answer

They are inorganic minerals that give bone its strength and ability to resist compression.

Question 5

A child presents with bowed legs and frequent fractures. Blood tests reveal low vitamin D levels. Which condition is most likely present, and what is the physiological basis?

Accepted Answer

Rickets; inadequate calcium absorption due to vitamin D deficiency

Question 6

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

During endochondral ossification, what is the sequence of events leading to the formation of the medullary cavity?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes die and cartilage calcifies, then osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite crystals found in bone?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 9

A 16-year-old male experiences a rapid growth spurt followed by cessation of height increase. Which hormone is most responsible for accelerating closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 10

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is characterized by actively dividing chondrocytes, and what is its role in bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferation; increases bone length through mitosis

Question 11

Which type of bone is formed first during intramembranous ossification, and what is its structural characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Primary (woven) bone; irregularly arranged collagen bundles

Question 12

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed a medication that inhibits osteoclast activity. What is the expected effect on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone resorption and increased bone mass

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why vitamin K is important for bone health?

Accepted Answer

It is required for osteocalcin to bind calcium ions and promotes osteoblast proliferation.

Question 14

Which bone cell type is derived from the fusion of cells formed in the bone marrow and is characterized by a ruffled border?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 15

A fracture in which a tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone is known as:

Accepted Answer

Avulsion fracture

Question 16

Which process is responsible for the continual replacement of older, brittle bone with newer bone, and what are the two main cell types involved?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of collagen fibers in the organic matrix of bone?

Accepted Answer

They help bone resist torsion and tensile forces.

Question 18

A patient with acromegaly has enlarged bones of the face, hands, and feet. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Excess growth hormone secretion after closure of the epiphyseal plates

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bones in adults contain mostly yellow marrow, while infants have mostly red marrow?

Accepted Answer

Adults have a slower growth rate and require less hematopoiesis.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model, while intramembranous ossification begins with a mesenchymal membrane.

Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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