Q: Which of the following equations represents the negative feedback loop for blood calcium regulation?

$$\text{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \rightarrow \text{PTH release} \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activation} \rightarrow \text{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones for metabolism

Question 2

A patient with leukemia is scheduled for a bone marrow transplant. Which bone is most commonly used for bone marrow harvest in adults?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic bone

Question 3

Which type of bone cell is responsible for bone resorption and what is its mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; secretes hydrogen ions and enzymes to break down bone matrix

Question 4

Which equation best represents the mineral component of bone’s inorganic matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 5

A child presents with a greenstick fracture. What is the most likely reason this type of fracture is more common in children than adults?

Accepted Answer

Children’s bones are more flexible due to a higher proportion of organic matrix

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the formation of most flat bones, such as those of the skull?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification

Question 7

During bone repair after a fracture, which sequence of events is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → bone callus formation → remodeling

Question 8

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 9

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures due to which of the following changes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased inorganic matrix in the extracellular matrix

Question 10

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is primarily responsible for the mitotic activity that drives longitudinal bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferation

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of osteons in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Cylindrical units with concentric lamellae that resist twisting and bending forces

Question 12

Which type of bone is formed first during intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone

Question 13

A patient with achondroplasia has shortened limbs due to a defect in which process?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification

Question 14

Which of the following equations represents the negative feedback loop for blood calcium regulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} ightarrow 	ext{PTH release} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why adults have more yellow bone marrow than children?

Accepted Answer

Adults have slower growth rates, so red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow in most bones

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of appositional bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down new circumferential lamellae, increasing bone width

Question 17

A patient with acromegaly has enlarged bones of the face and hands. This is due to excess growth hormone secretion after which event?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the epiphyseal plates

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of collagen in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Resists torsion and tensile forces, enhancing bone hardness when aligned with hydroxyapatite

Question 19

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of spongy bone compared to compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone contains trabeculae and lacks central canals

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference in the order of bone formation between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification forms spongy bone first, while endochondral ossification forms compact bone first

Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Classification Chapter 6

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