Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Question 2

A patient presents with bowed legs and bone pain. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in vitamin D. Which bone disease is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia

Question 3

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

During bone remodeling, which process is regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Increased osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the structure of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It is made up of osteons (Haversian systems) with concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between bone mass recycled per year and total bone mass, if $$M_{total} is $$total bone mass and $$M_{recycled} is $$mass recycled per year, given that compact bone is replaced every 10 years?

Accepted Answer

$$M_{recycled} = \frac{M_{total}}{10}$$

Question 7

A fracture that penetrates the skin is classified as which type?

Accepted Answer

Open (compound) fracture

Question 8

Which hormone is most important for stimulating epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the periosteum is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is a double-layered membrane covering the external surface of long bones except at joints.

Question 10

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Question 11

A patient with hypercalcemia is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Nonresponsiveness of nerves and muscles

Question 12

Which of the following best explains Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

Bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them by mechanical stress.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 14

Which of the following is a major organic component of bone matrix responsible for tensile strength?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers

Question 15

Which equation represents the conversion of yellow marrow to red marrow in response to anemia, if $$Y is $$the volume of yellow marrow and $$R is $$the volume of red marrow after conversion?

Accepted Answer

$$R = Y + R_{initial}$$

Question 16

Which bone cell acts as a stress or strain sensor and helps maintain bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteocyte

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding appositional growth of bone?

Accepted Answer

It involves osteoblasts secreting bone matrix on the external surface beneath the periosteum.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the epiphyseal plate?

Accepted Answer

It is a region of hyaline cartilage where bone growth occurs during childhood.

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive bone resorption compared to deposition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 20

Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop for calcium homeostasis, where $$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} is $$blood calcium concentration and $$PTH is $$parathyroid hormone level?

Accepted Answer

$$PTH \uparrow \Rightarrow [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \uparrow$$

Bones and Skeletal Tissue: Structure, Function, and Development

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