Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between ozone depletion and skin cancer risk, according to the study materials?

$$1\% \text{ decrease in ozone} \rightarrow 2\% \text{ increase in skin cancer}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of proto-oncogenes in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They regulate normal cell growth and division.

Question 2

A mutation in a tumour suppressor gene is most likely to result in which of the following outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Question 3

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 4

If a proto-oncogene becomes mutated and is permanently activated, what is the resulting gene called?

Accepted Answer

Oncogene

Question 5

Which of the following is a known carcinogen that can directly damage DNA and increase cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Question 6

A patient inherits a mutated BRCA1 gene. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of developing certain cancers

Question 7

Which equation best represents the relationship between ozone depletion and skin cancer risk, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

$$1\% 	ext{ decrease in ozone} ightarrow 2\% 	ext{ increase in skin cancer}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why quitting smoking reduces the risk for multiple types of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tobacco contains carcinogens that can damage DNA in various tissues.

Question 9

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell decide whether to continue dividing or enter a resting state?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase

Question 10

Which of the following is a multi-step process that leads to the development and progression of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Mutation followed by promotion and metastasis

Question 11

A patient presents with a rapidly growing, irregularly shaped skin lesion. Which of the ABCDE's of skin cancer is most likely being evaluated?

Accepted Answer

Border

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumors can metastasize to other sites; benign tumors do not.

Question 13

Which of the following lifestyle factors is most strongly associated with increased risk of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why UV radiation is a risk factor for skin cancer?

Accepted Answer

UV radiation causes mutations in skin cell DNA.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention strategy for cancer according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Drink alcohol excessively

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of tumour suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

They prevent cell growth and division.

Question 17

A patient is exposed to both tobacco smoke and alcohol. According to the study materials, what is the combined effect on cancer risk for the esophagus?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk compared to either exposure alone

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of a physical carcinogen?

Accepted Answer

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the process of metastasis in cancer progression?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells travel to other sites in the body.

Question 20

Which of the following medical tests is used to identify early-stage cancers by analyzing blood proteins?

Accepted Answer

Blood protein analysis

Cancer: Cellular Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention

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