Question 1

Which of the following best explains why net filtration occurs at the arterial end of a capillary and net absorption occurs at the venous end?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end, causing fluid to leave the capillary, while osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure at the venous end, drawing fluid back in.

Question 2

Given the following values at the arterial end of a capillary: hydrostatic pressure = $$32\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$, osmotic pressure = $$-25\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$, what is the net filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$7\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 4

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the production of transferrin. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Delivery of dietary iron to developing erythroblasts in the bone marrow

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin binds oxygen, increasing the amount of oxygen that can be carried in blood beyond what can dissolve in plasma alone.

Question 6

According to Dalton's Law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level ($$760\ \mathrm{mmHg}) if $$oxygen makes up $$21\% of $$the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

$$160\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the low solubility of oxygen in plasma?

Accepted Answer

The evolution of hemoglobin to bind and transport oxygen efficiently

Question 8

A person suffers a cut that damages a small blood vessel. Which blood component is primarily responsible for forming the initial plug to stop bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Platelets

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells lose their nucleus during maturation?

Accepted Answer

To maximize space for hemoglobin and improve flexibility for capillary passage

Question 10

A newborn is diagnosed with jaundice due to a buildup of bilirubin. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Rapid breakdown of fetal hemoglobin as the baby transitions to adult hemoglobin

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the alveoli in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

They provide a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood.

Question 12

If the hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a capillary is $$15\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$ and the osmotic pressure is $$-25\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$, what is the net movement of fluid?

Accepted Answer

Net absorption of $$-10\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$ into the capillary

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct application of Boyle's Law in the context of lung ventilation?

Accepted Answer

As lung volume increases during inhalation, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, allowing air to flow in.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the respiratory tract is lined with mucus and ciliated cells?

Accepted Answer

To trap and remove pathogens and particles from the airway

Question 15

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide transport in blood is correct?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in plasma than oxygen, facilitating its transport and removal.

Question 16

A mutation causes the loss of the di-metal transporter in intestinal cells. What is the most likely physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Impaired absorption of dietary iron, leading to decreased hemoglobin synthesis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between surface area and gas exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Increased surface area in the alveoli enhances the rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct result of the destruction of red blood cells in the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids from hemoglobin are recycled, and heme is converted to bilirubin for excretion.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the plasma is mostly water but contains many solutes?

Accepted Answer

Plasma serves as a transport medium for nutrients, gases, proteins, and waste products throughout the body.

Capillary Exchange, Blood Composition, and Respiratory Gas Laws: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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