Question 1

Which of the following best explains why net filtration occurs at the arterial end of a capillary and net absorption occurs at the venous end?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end, causing fluid to leave the capillary, while osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure at the venous end, drawing fluid back in.

Question 2

Given the following values at the arterial end of a capillary: hydrostatic pressure = $$32\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$, osmotic pressure = $$25\ \mathrm{mmHg} ($$acting in the opposite direction), what is the net filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$7\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 4

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the production of transferrin. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Delivery of dietary iron to developing erythroblasts in the bone marrow

Question 5

Why do mature erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack a nucleus?

Accepted Answer

To maximize space for hemoglobin and improve flexibility for capillary passage

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

They plug small tears in blood vessels to prevent bleeding

Question 7

A newborn develops jaundice due to a buildup of bilirubin. What is the physiological reason for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Rapid breakdown of fetal hemoglobin and insufficient processing of bilirubin by the liver

Question 8

According to Dalton's Law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level ($$760\ \mathrm{mmHg}) if $$oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

$$160\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why hemoglobin is necessary for oxygen transport in mammals?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen has low solubility in water, so hemoglobin binds and transports it efficiently in the blood

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the bi-concave shape of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Increased surface area for gas exchange and improved laminar flow through capillaries

Question 11

A patient has a mutation that causes their red blood cells to become swollen and lose their bi-concave shape. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased efficiency in oxygen transport due to impaired flow and gas exchange

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea?

Accepted Answer

They move mucus, along with trapped pathogens, out of the respiratory tract

Question 13

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a closed container of gas is halved, what happens to the pressure (assuming temperature is constant)?

Accepted Answer

The pressure doubles

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason why the alveoli in the lungs are highly branched and have a large surface area?

Accepted Answer

To maximize the amount of oxygen that can diffuse into the blood

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the solubility of gases in plasma is correct?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide is about 20 times more soluble in plasma than oxygen

Question 16

A person has a deficiency in ferroportin, the transporter that moves iron from enterocytes into the bloodstream. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Reduced delivery of dietary iron to the bone marrow, leading to decreased hemoglobin synthesis

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents Boyle's Law?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the fate of heme after red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to bilirubin, which is then excreted via the intestines or kidneys

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the plasma is more concentrated with solutes inside the capillary than outside?

Accepted Answer

Plasma contains proteins and cells that cannot easily cross the capillary wall, creating an osmotic gradient

Capillary Exchange, Blood Composition, and Respiratory Gas Laws: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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