Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary sinus in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium.

Question 2

A patient presents with a septal defect. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal openings between heart chambers, leading to inefficient blood circulation.

Question 3

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO) $$given heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which valves are open and what is the direction of blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar (SL) valves are open; blood flows from ventricles into arteries.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the importance of the plateau phase in cardiac muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It prolongs depolarization, ensuring sustained contraction for effective blood pumping.

Question 6

A patient with mitral valve insufficiency is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Blood leaks backward into the left atrium, leading to heart enlargement and fatigue.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches a cardiac muscle structure to its function?

Accepted Answer

Spiral arrangement: Enables wringing action during contraction for efficient blood pumping.

Question 8

Which segment of the ECG represents the entire duration of ventricular action potential?

Accepted Answer

Q-T interval

Question 9

Which of the following factors would most likely increase preload in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased end-diastolic volume ($$EDV)$$

Question 10

A patient is experiencing hypovolemic shock. Which of the following is the primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Reduced blood volume from hemorrhage or dehydration

Question 11

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and contractility by releasing norepinephrine.

Question 12

Which formula correctly calculates Net Filtration Pressure ($$NFP) in $$capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP - COP$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of arterioles in regulating blood flow to tissues?

Accepted Answer

They control blood flow to capillary beds via vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The more the ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the stronger the contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding continuous capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They are the least permeable, allowing only small molecules like water and ions to pass.

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms helps maintain stable blood pressure via negative feedback?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex

Question 17

A patient has decreased colloid osmotic pressure in their capillaries. What is the most likely clinical consequence?

Accepted Answer

More water remains in the interstitial space, causing edema.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and insulates electrical signals between atria and ventricles.

Question 19

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

Blood from digestive organs passes through the hepatic portal vein to the liver for processing before entering systemic circulation.

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology: Heart Structure, Function, and Circulation

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