Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between hypertrophy and enlargement in cardiac chambers?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy refers to increased muscle mass due to pressure overload, while enlargement refers to chamber dilation due to volume overload.

Question 2

A patient’s ECG shows a QRS axis of $$+120^\circ. $$Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Right axis deviation

Question 3

Which of the following ECG findings is most consistent with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)?

Accepted Answer

Right axis deviation and tall R wave in V1

Question 4

If the QRS axis is between $$-90^\circ$$ and $$-180^\circ$$, this is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Extreme axis deviation (northwest axis)

Question 5

Which of the following is the best explanation for why chamber enlargement leads to increased wave amplitude on ECG?

Accepted Answer

Enlargement increases the volume of the chamber, allowing more current to flow, which increases wave amplitude.

Question 6

A 10-year-old child has a T-wave axis of $$+70^\circ. $$According to the provided axis norms, this is:

Accepted Answer

Normal for a child

Question 7

Which of the following is a common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as seen on ECG?

Accepted Answer

Aortic stenosis

Question 8

A patient’s ECG shows a biphasic P wave in lead V1. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Left atrial enlargement

Question 9

Which of the following best describes an isoelectric ECG wave?

Accepted Answer

A wave with minimal deflections, appearing flat

Question 10

A patient presents with pulmonary hypertension. Which ECG finding would most likely be present?

Accepted Answer

Right axis deviation

Question 11

Which leads are typically used to determine the mean electrical axis of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Leads I and aVF

Question 12

If the QRS is positive in both lead I and aVF, what is the most likely axis?

Accepted Answer

Normal axis

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing ECG feature of right atrial enlargement (RAE)?

Accepted Answer

P wave amplitude \u003e 2.5 mm in inferior leads

Question 14

A patient’s ECG shows a QRS axis of $$-60^\circ. $$Which of the following best describes this finding?

Accepted Answer

Left axis deviation

Question 15

Which of the following is most likely to cause a shift in the electrical axis of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Chamber enlargement

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a biphasic ECG wave?

Accepted Answer

A wave with two phases—equal positive and negative deflections around baseline

Question 17

A patient with left atrial enlargement (LAE) is most likely to have which of the following ECG findings?

Accepted Answer

Terminal P wave in V1 drops \u003e 1 mm below baseline

Question 18

Which of the following is a possible cause of right axis deviation on ECG?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary disease

Question 19

Which of the following statements about wave amplitude and duration in hypertrophy and enlargement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy increases wave amplitude, while enlargement increases duration.

Question 20

A patient’s ECG shows a QRS axis of $$-100^\circ. $$Which of the following is the most accurate description?

Accepted Answer

Extreme axis deviation

Cardiac Axis, Hypertrophy, and Enlargement: ECG Interpretation Study Notes

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