Question 1

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with a blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Which region of the heart is most likely to be affected by ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle anterior wall

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the pathway of deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs

Question 4

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 5

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as $$120/80$$ mmHg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$40$$ mmHg

Question 6

Which of the following is the most adjustable variable affecting blood flow resistance in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Vessel diameter

Question 7

A patient is experiencing distributive shock due to anaphylaxis. What is the primary physiological mechanism causing this type of shock?

Accepted Answer

Massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 8

Which formula correctly calculates Mean Arterial Pressure ($$MAP) $$using systolic ($$SBP) $$and diastolic ($$DBP) $$blood pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3} (SBP - DBP)$$

Question 9

During ventricular systole, which event occurs in the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

Question 11

A patient with right-sided heart failure is most likely to exhibit which clinical sign?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral edema

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Initiates the electrical impulse that sets the heart rate

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the systemic circulation, which requires higher pressure

Question 14

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on arterial smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 16

A patient with a tension pneumothorax will most likely experience which physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased systemic venous return and progressive shock

Question 17

Which of the following best describes Dalton’s Law of Gases?

Accepted Answer

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas

Question 18

Which of the following factors will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$CO_2$$ concentration

Question 19

Which of the following structures prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 20

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to have which of the following changes in their blood gases?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$CO_2$$ and decreased $$O_2$$

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

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