$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70\ \text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Accepted Answer

It provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 5

A patient has damage to the SA node. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The AV node will take over as the pacemaker, resulting in a slower heart rate.

Question 6

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

If a patient’s end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) is 120 mL $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV) is 50 mL$$, what is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70\ 	ext{mL}$$

Question 8

Which of the following would most likely increase cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

Question 9

Which statement best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the stronger the contraction.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and contractility.

Question 11

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged PR interval. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Delayed conduction through the AV node

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result from a blockage in the left coronary artery?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen supply to the left ventricle

Question 14

Which of the following ions is primarily responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

A narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis

Question 16

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular diastole

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely increase end-diastolic volume ($$EDV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the heart receives more blood during diastole than systole?

Accepted Answer

Coronary arteries are compressed during systole, reducing blood flow.

Question 20

Which of the following is a preventable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure

Cardiovascular System: Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

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