$$CO = 45 \times 70 = 3150 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in cardiac conduction?

Accepted Answer

It initiates the electrical impulse that sets the pace for the heart rate.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blockage in the left anterior descending artery. Which region of the heart is most at risk for ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Anterior wall of the left ventricle

Question 3

Which heart sound (S1 or S2) is associated with the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Accepted Answer

S1

Question 4

During an ECG, which wave represents ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 5

A patient with tachycardia is most likely to have which of the following heart rates?

Accepted Answer

120 beats per minute

Question 6

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 7

If the right coronary artery is blocked, which part of the heart is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium and right ventricle

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of cardiac conduction?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Which vein is responsible for draining blood from the brain?

Accepted Answer

Internal jugular vein

Question 10

A patient has a congenital defect resulting in a patent ductus arteriosus. What is the consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 11

Which artery supplies blood to the brain via the Circle of Willis?

Accepted Answer

Vertebral artery

Question 12

Which of the following is a major difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

Question 13

A patient with fibrillation is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Ineffective pumping of blood leading to decreased cardiac output

Question 14

Which vessel is commonly used for coronary bypass surgery due to its length and accessibility?

Accepted Answer

Great saphenous vein

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circulation.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 17

A patient with bradycardia has a heart rate of 45 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is the cardiac output in mL per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 45 	imes 70 = 3150 mL/$$min

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of blood flow through the major arteries starting from the heart?

Accepted Answer

Aortic arch → Descending aorta → Thoracic aorta → Abdominal aorta

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of Purkinje fibers in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They rapidly conduct impulses to the ventricular myocardium, causing contraction.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a blockage in the hepatic portal vein. Which organ's blood flow is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Cardiovascular System: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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