Question 1

Which of the following best explains why arteries have thicker walls than veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries must withstand higher blood pressure generated by the heart's contractions.

Question 2

A patient presents with edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. According to Starling's forces, which equation best describes the net movement of fluid across the capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

$$J_v = K_f \left[ (P_c - P_i) - \sigma (\pi_c - \pi_i) \right]$$

Question 3

Which of the following would most likely increase end-diastolic volume (EDV) in the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Venoconstriction by smooth muscle contraction

Question 4

A patient has a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP) = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(120 - 80) = 93.3$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which of the following is a primary function of plasma albumin?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining colloid osmotic pressure in the blood

Question 6

During exercise, which factor most directly increases cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and stroke volume

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the SA node in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

It generates the pacemaker potential that initiates each heartbeat.

Question 8

A patient with ineffective tissue perfusion is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Cellular hypoxia and impaired organ function

Question 9

Which equation correctly relates cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely cause turbulent blood flow in a vessel?

Accepted Answer

High velocity and irregular vessel diameter

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Production of nerve impulses

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased total peripheral resistance (TPR) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure increases as TPR increases, according to $$BP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 13

Which of the following mechanisms helps return blood to the heart through veins?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory pump and skeletal muscle contraction

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of decreased compliance (elasticity) in the arterial system?

Accepted Answer

Increased systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues via diffusion and filtration

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely occur if the diameter of a blood vessel doubles?

Accepted Answer

Resistance to blood flow decreases by a factor of 16, according to $$R \propto \frac{1}{r^4$}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of capillaries that distinguishes them from arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

They are thin-walled exchangers that allow for rapid diffusion of substances.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes circulatory shock?

Accepted Answer

A condition where blood flow is insufficient to meet tissue metabolic needs

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and contractility

Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels – Study Guide Notes

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