Question 1

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions, and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O, because it lacks both A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs.

Question 2

A patient with blood type B- needs an urgent transfusion. Which blood types can safely donate to this patient?

Accepted Answer

B-, O-

Question 3

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) is most likely to occur under which scenario?

Accepted Answer

Rh- mother, Rh+ father, Rh+ fetus

Question 4

Why are individuals with type O blood less likely to contract malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodium falciparum does not bind well to type O RBCs.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are responsible for antibody production and immune memory.

Question 6

A woman has microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells and fatigue. Which physiological principle best explains her symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Her RBCs contain less hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 7

Which molecule on the endothelial cell surface breaks down ADP into AMP and Pi, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation?

Accepted Answer

CD39

Question 8

During primary hemostasis, which factor mediates platelet plug adhesion to injured vessels?

Accepted Answer

Von Willebrand factor (VWF)

Question 9

Which statement about coagulation factor activation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is irreversible; factors are either inhibited or consumed after/during activation.

Question 10

Which process is responsible for dissolving a blood clot after vessel repair?

Accepted Answer

Activation of plasmin (fibrinolysis)

Question 11

Which equation best represents the breakdown of ADP by CD39 on endothelial cells?

Accepted Answer

$$ADP \rightarrow AMP + Pi$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) secreted by endothelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Inhibit platelet activation and aggregation

Question 13

A patient with von Willebrand disease is most likely to have a defect in which process?

Accepted Answer

Platelet plug adhesion to injured vessels

Question 14

Which pathway converts fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

The common pathway of the coagulation cascade

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Rh factor in blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Rh+ individuals can receive blood from Rh+ or Rh- donors.

Question 16

Which evolutionary pressure explains the persistence of different blood types in human populations?

Accepted Answer

Infectious disease resistance

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct consequence of impaired fibrin formation?

Accepted Answer

Inability to stabilize the blood clot

Question 18

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes (specifically B cells)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of plasmin in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Dissolves fibrin and breaks down clots

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible outcome if CD39 activity is inhibited on endothelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Increased platelet aggregation due to higher ADP levels

P: Cardiovascular System 3

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