Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

$$MAP = \frac{Systolic\ BP + 2 \times Diastolic\ BP}{3}$$

Question 1

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells

Question 2

A patient with glomerulonephritis is losing large amounts of plasma proteins in the urine. What effect would this have on capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure, leading to less reabsorption

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) in capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)$$

Question 4

If the blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) at the arterial end of a capillary is 35 mmHg, the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) is 1 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is 26 mmHg, and the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) is 0 mmHg, what is the NFP at the arterial end?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (35 + 1) - (26 + 0) = 10$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which of the following would most likely result in edema?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma protein concentration

Question 6

During an allergic reaction, histamine release causes widespread vasodilation. What is the most likely effect on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure decreases due to decreased systemic vascular resistance

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of arterioles in regulating systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles are the most numerous control points and can significantly alter resistance by changing their radius

Question 8

A patient is experiencing hemorrhagic shock after losing 20% of their blood volume. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in venous return, leading to decreased cardiac output

Question 9

Which hormone is released to increase blood volume by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely increase total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

Increase in blood viscosity

Question 11

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases dramatically. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this redistribution?

Accepted Answer

Local metabolic vasodilation in skeletal muscle

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = \frac{Systolic\ BP + 2 	imes Diastolic\ BP}{3}$$

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely occur if the lymphatic vessels were blocked?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space (edema)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why blood flow velocity is lowest in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is greatest

Question 15

A patient with polycythemia (increased RBC count) is likely to experience which change in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity and decreased flow

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased blood hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a capillary?

Accepted Answer

Increased filtration and decreased reabsorption

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely result from incompetent venous valves?

Accepted Answer

Pooling of blood and increased risk of varicose veins

Question 18

Which process allows large, water-soluble substances such as insulin to cross the capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

Transcytosis (pinocytosis and exocytosis)

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to occur during distributive (septic) shock?

Accepted Answer

Widespread vasodilation and decreased blood pressure

physio of blood vessels

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