Question 1

Which of the following best explains why blood velocity is lowest in the capillaries, even though individual capillaries have a small diameter?

Accepted Answer

Because the total cross-sectional area of all capillaries combined is much greater than that of the aorta.

Question 2

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 150/95 mmHg at rest. Which of the following is the most likely physiological explanation for this elevated systolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral resistance due to arterial plaques.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between flow rate ($$Q$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R) in $$the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

$$Q = \dfrac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 4

If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, how does this affect the resistance to blood flow, according to the equation $$R \propto \dfrac{1}{r^4$}$$?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of 16.

Question 5

During exercise, blood flow is diverted from the digestive system to the skeletal muscles. Which vascular structure is primarily responsible for this redistribution?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of elastic arteries during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

They expand to store potential energy, which is later released to maintain blood flow during diastole.

Question 7

A doctor measures a patient's blood pressure using a cuff and stethoscope. The first Korotkoff sound is heard at 130 mmHg, and the sound disappears at 80 mmHg. What are the patient's systolic and diastolic pressures?

Accepted Answer

Systolic: 130 mmHg, Diastolic: 80 mmHg

Question 8

Which formula is used to estimate mean arterial pressure (MAP) from systolic ($$P_{sys}) $$and diastolic ($$P_{dia}) $$pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = P_{dia} + \dfrac{1}{3}(P_{sys} - P_{dia})$$

Question 9

If the flow rate ($$Q) $$through a vessel is 100 mL/min and the cross-sectional area ($$A) is 10 cm$^2$$, what is the velocity ($$v) of $$blood flow?

Accepted Answer

$$v = \dfrac{Q}{A} = \dfrac{100}{10} = 10 mL/($$min·cm$$^2)$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why veins are able to serve as blood reservoirs in the body?

Accepted Answer

They are expandable and have less elastic tissue compared to arteries.

Question 11

A patient is found to have a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 110 mmHg, a cardiac output (CO) of 6 L/min, and a total peripheral resistance (TPR) of $$18.3$$ mmHg·min/L. Which equation relates these variables?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the loss of arterial elasticity (as in arteriosclerosis)?

Accepted Answer

Increased systolic blood pressure due to reduced snapback effect.

Question 13

Which tissue type is found in both arteries and veins, but is most prominent in arteries due to their need to withstand high pressure?

Accepted Answer

Elastic tissue

Question 14

Why is it advantageous for blood flow to slow down in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

It allows sufficient time for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing the tone (contraction) of smooth muscle in the walls of veins?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the diameter, increasing velocity of blood flow back to the heart.

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary reason why the body does not require multiple hearts to move blood through the entire circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Elastic recoil of arteries stores and releases energy to maintain blood flow during diastole.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between flow rate and flow velocity in the context of blood circulation?

Accepted Answer

Flow rate is the volume of blood passing a point per unit time, while flow velocity is the distance blood travels per unit time.

Question 18

If a patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP) is 93 mmHg, their systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, and their diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg, which formula was most likely used to calculate MAP?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 80 + \dfrac{1}{3}(120 - 80) = 93$$ mmHg

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the pulse is felt in arteries but not in veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries are elastic and expand with each heartbeat, creating a pressure wave.

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

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