Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A 75-year-old patient presents with increased systolic blood pressure and thickening of the left ventricular wall. Which age-related process best explains these findings?

Accepted Answer

Arteriosclerosis

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

According to the Frank-Starling law, what happens to stroke volume when preload increases?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume increases

Question 5

Which of the following is a contraindication for the application of anti-embolic stockings?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral arterial disease

Question 6

A newborn’s oxygenation changes from placental to pulmonary at birth. At what age does the left ventricle reach the adult mass ratio of 2:1?

Accepted Answer

At 1 year

Question 7

Which of the following findings is most commonly asymptomatic in older adults but increases the risk of dysrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Ectopic beats

Question 8

A patient with congestive cardiac failure is at increased risk for which of the following complications compared to younger adults?

Accepted Answer

Ten times higher risk of heart failure

Question 9

During cardiovascular assessment, which position is recommended for evaluating jugular veins and the precordium?

Accepted Answer

Supine with head and chest slightly elevated

Question 10

Which of the following is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the Australian population?

Accepted Answer

Poor physical activity (sedentary lifestyle)

Question 11

A patient’s blood pressure is measured at 150/95 mmHg. Which cardiovascular condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 12

Which of the following best describes afterload?

Accepted Answer

Opposing pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve

Question 13

Which of the following symptoms is considered subjective data in cardiovascular assessment?

Accepted Answer

Patient reports chest pain

Question 14

A 68-year-old patient is prescribed anti-embolic stockings. Which assessment finding would require you to withhold application?

Accepted Answer

Recent skin graft on the lower limb

Question 15

Which of the following is a common cardiovascular condition in older adults that significantly increases the risk of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Question 16

A patient’s cardiac output is measured at 5 L/min, with a heart rate of 100 bpm. What is the stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = \frac{CO}{HR} = \frac{5\ L/min}{100\ bpm} = 0.05\ L = 50\ mL$$

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a recommended step in the preparation for cardiovascular assessment?

Accepted Answer

Ask the patient to stand during jugular vein assessment

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults?

Accepted Answer

It improves cardiac output and vascular health

Question 19

During auscultation, where is the apical pulse best located?

Accepted Answer

At the 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

Question 20

Which of the following is a key anatomical difference in the cardiovascular system between infants and adults?

Accepted Answer

Infants’ left ventricular mass reaches the adult ratio of 2:1 at one year

Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, Assessment, and Disorders

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