Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are made of DNA, and genes are specific sequences of DNA on chromosomes.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 3

A mutation in a gene that normally slows down the cell cycle can lead to which of the following outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division and possibly cancer

Question 4

Which base pairs are correctly matched in DNA according to the base-pairing rules?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine pairs with guanine

Question 5

A researcher observes a cell with chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell. Which phase of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 6

If a cell fails to pass the G1 checkpoint, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will enter the G0 phase and stop dividing.

Question 7

Which of the following is a real-world example of a carcinogen that can cause mutations leading to cancer?

Accepted Answer

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight

Question 8

What is the primary function of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

To separate sister chromatids and move them to opposite poles

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why HeLa cells are considered 'immortal'?

Accepted Answer

They can divide an unlimited number of times in culture.

Question 10

A patient is exposed to a chemical that causes errors during DNA replication. Which phase of the cell cycle is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of chromosomes after DNA replication but before cell division in a human somatic cell ($$n is $$the normal diploid number)?

Accepted Answer

$$2n$$

Question 12

During which phase of mitosis do two new nuclei form and chromosomes decondense into chromatin?

Accepted Answer

Telophase

Question 13

A cell is observed to have a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein responsible for DNA repair. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell will accumulate more mutations over time.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death

Question 15

If a cell's DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired, which process is most likely to occur to prevent the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

The cell will undergo apoptosis.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Production of gametes

Question 17

A scientist is studying a tissue sample and notices that the majority of cells are in interphase. What does this indicate about the tissue?

Accepted Answer

Most cells are not actively dividing at this moment.

Question 18

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is primarily responsible for ensuring that all DNA has been accurately replicated before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 19

A patient inherits a mutation that increases the risk of breast cancer. This is an example of which type of cancer risk factor?

Accepted Answer

Inherited genetic mutation

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells can form tumors?

Accepted Answer

They divide uncontrollably due to loss of cell cycle regulation.

Cell Cycle, DNA Structure, and Cancer: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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