$$\text{Water moves from low osmolarity to high osmolarity}$$

Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 2

A cell is observed to have a large number of ribosomes attached to its endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of secreted proteins

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids

Question 4

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What will happen to their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water loss

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP, the process that provides energy for primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

$$ATP + H_2O \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign material

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to pass.

Question 9

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the expected outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will gain water and swell.

Question 10

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing membrane phospholipids and detoxifying drugs?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

Which process allows cells to engulf large particles, such as bacteria, by forming pseudopods?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP to move ions against their concentration gradients.

Question 14

Which equation represents the relationship between osmolarity, solute concentration, and water movement across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Water moves from low osmolarity to high osmolarity}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 16

Which of the following cell junctions allows for direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 17

Which step in protein synthesis involves the conversion of DNA information into mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 18

A cell is observed to have an abnormally high rate of apoptosis. Which of the following best describes what is happening?

Accepted Answer

The cell is undergoing programmed cell death.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

It transports polar or charged molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer directly.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow mRNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Cell Structure and Function: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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