Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the plasma membrane in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells, and why do muscle cells contain more of these organelles?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; because muscle cells require more energy for contraction.

Question 4

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 5

A cell is observed to engulf bacteria by surrounding them with its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why oxygen ($$O_2) $$can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is small and non-polar, allowing it to pass through the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 7

Which type of membrane junction is most important for preventing leakage of substances between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 8

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 9

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to synthesize ribosomal RNA. Which structure would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting mechanical stress and is often attached to desmosomes?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 11

A cell is observed to secrete large amounts of protein. Which organelle would be especially prominent in this cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It pumps $$Na^+$$ out of the cell and $$K^+$$ into the cell against their concentration gradients, using ATP.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Question 14

A cell in the human body is observed to lack a nucleus. Which cell type is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Question 15

Which process is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons into the synaptic cleft?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 16

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It moves molecules down their concentration gradient via carrier or channel proteins.

Question 17

Which cellular structure is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins and is described by the fluid mosaic model?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 18

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of peroxisomes. Which of the following processes would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde

Question 19

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the spindle equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on absorptive cells in the intestines?

Accepted Answer

They increase the cell's surface area to enhance absorption.

Cell Structure and Function: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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