Q: Which equation describes the sodium-potassium pump, a countertransport mechanism in active transport?

$$ 3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} : 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}} $$

Question 1

Which statement best describes the principle of selective permeability in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane allows some substances to cross while restricting others, depending on their properties.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl. What will happen to the cell, and what is the term for this process?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink; this is called crenation.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

During protein synthesis, what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Accepted Answer

tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide chain.

Question 5

Which process requires energy from ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 7

Which equation best represents the movement of molecules during diffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$ J = -D \frac{dC}{dx} $$

Question 8

What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selective barrier, allowing only certain substances to pass through.

Question 9

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 10

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 11

What is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 12

Which type of membrane protein forms channels that allow water and small ions to pass through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Channel proteins

Question 13

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane and internalizing it. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 14

Which phase of the cell cycle involves the duplication of genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Interphase

Question 15

What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 16

Which process is responsible for moving large particles or fluids into the cell using vesicles?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 17

Which equation describes the sodium-potassium pump, a countertransport mechanism in active transport?

Accepted Answer

$$ 3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}} $$

Question 18

Which statement about cell differentiation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cell differentiation results from selective gene expression, allowing cells to specialize.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of DNA

Question 20

Which process describes the release of substances from a cell when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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