Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a selectively permeable boundary, allowing the cell to respond to changes in the extracellular environment and regulate entry and exit of substances.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will swell and may burst as water enters the cell.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins that are exported out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Membrane-bound ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

Which type of cell junction is essential for preventing leakage of substances between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 5

A molecule of glucose enters a muscle cell down its concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion via a carrier protein

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between osmolarity ($$O$$), solute concentration ($$C$$), and the number of particles ($$n) $$produced by solute dissociation?

Accepted Answer

$$O = C 	imes n$$

Question 7

Which organelle is most abundant in cells that require large amounts of energy, such as muscle cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria, because they produce ATP via aerobic respiration.

Question 8

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 9

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 10

A neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which cellular process is responsible for this release?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why oxygen ($$O_2) $$can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is small and non-polar, making it lipid-soluble.

Question 12

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting mechanical stress and is attached to desmosomes?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 13

A cell is observed to engulf bacteria by surrounding them with its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It uses carrier or channel proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-life example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Cells absorbing cholesterol from the blood via LDL receptors

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid molecule in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A hydrophilic head facing the extracellular and intracellular spaces, and hydrophobic tails facing each other within the bilayer.

Question 19

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the spindle equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 20

Which of the following equations represents the net movement of water ($$J_w) $$across a semi-permeable membrane due to osmotic pressure ($$\Delta \pi) $$and hydraulic conductivity ($$L_p$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$J_w = L_p 	imes \Delta \pi$$

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드