Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of complementarity in cell biology?

Accepted Answer

The biochemical activity of cells reflects the operation of their organelles.

Question 2

A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through oxidative reactions?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

During facilitated diffusion, which of the following is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Transport proteins are required and the process is saturable.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) of a $$solution, given by van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iCRT$$

Question 6

A cell with a defective sodium-potassium pump would most likely experience:

Accepted Answer

Loss of resting membrane potential due to disrupted ion gradients.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the inside of a resting cell is negatively charged relative to the outside?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell more readily than sodium ions diffuse in.

Question 8

Which cellular structure increases surface area for absorption in intestinal epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 9

A patient is given a drug that blocks aquaporins in kidney cells. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased water reabsorption due to impaired osmosis.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Packaging protein secretions for export.

Question 11

Which process involves the selective uptake of molecules after they bind to specific membrane receptors?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 12

If a cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of lysosomes, which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of worn-out organelles and cellular debris.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of microtubules in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They organize the cytoskeleton and are important in intracellular transport.

Question 14

During the S phase of interphase, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

DNA replicates.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the semiconservative replication of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand.

Question 16

A mutation prevents the formation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in a cell. Which outcome is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Unregulated translation of specific mRNAs.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death to dispose of damaged or unnecessary cells.

Question 18

Which equation best represents the rate of diffusion ($$J) $$across a membrane according to Fick's law?

Accepted Answer

$$J = D \frac{(C_1$ - C_2$)}{d}$$

Question 19

A cell is exposed to a growth factor that stimulates cell division. Which phase of the cell cycle is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world application of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Uptake of LDL cholesterol by liver cells.

Cell Structure and Function: Summary Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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