Question 1

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A double layer of phospholipids with proteins and cholesterol embedded, allowing lateral movement of components.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome, and which principle explains this?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst as water enters, explained by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following substances can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane without the aid of a transport protein?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 4

Which statement best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase)?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Question 5

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Hormone-induced activation of adenylate cyclase and $$cAMP$$ production

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental and one new strand.

Question 7

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 9

A mutation changes the codon $$UUA to$$ $$UUG in an $$mRNA sequence. Both codons code for leucine. What genetic principle does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Genetic code redundancy

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It directs ribosomes synthesizing secretory proteins to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 11

Which type of cell junction allows ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another, as seen in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

Gap junction

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the composition of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

A network of protein fibers (collagen, elastin) and ground substance (proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans)

Question 13

Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Endoderm

Question 14

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of lysosomes. Which cellular process would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 15

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Transport of one substance against its gradient, coupled to the movement of another down its gradient

Question 16

Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for diffusion and filtration, as found in the alveoli of the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 17

During inflammation, which stage is characterized by the movement of white blood cells out of the bloodstream to the site of injury?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis (emigration)

Question 18

Which connective tissue type contains a liquid extracellular matrix and is responsible for transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes?

Accepted Answer

Blood

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It provides a site for ribosomes to synthesize proteins destined for secretion or membranes.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a disease that affects collagen production. Which tissue type is most likely to be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, Genetics, and Tissue Organization: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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