Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst due to osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Acting as enzymes to catalyze specific reactions at the membrane surface.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the direction of water movement during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$ Water \ moves \ from \ an \ area \ of \ low \ solute \ concentration \ to \ an \ area \ of \ high \ solute \ concentration $$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins to transport substances, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 6

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions ($$ Na^+ ) $$out of the cell and potassium ions ($$ K^+ ) $$into the cell. Which type of transport is being used, and what is the energy source?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport; ATP

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to the cytoskeleton

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They produce most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration.

Question 9

A patient is exposed to a toxin that destroys ribosomes. Which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a dynamic arrangement of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that can move laterally within the layer.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the passage of substances between adjacent cells, creating a barrier.

Question 12

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium pump ($$ Na^+/K^+ $$ ATPase)?

Accepted Answer

It pumps 3 $$ Na^+ $$ ions out of the cell and 2 $$ K^+ $$ ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell engulfs large particles or microorganisms by forming pseudopods that surround the material.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs

Question 16

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will shrink.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes in human cells?

Accepted Answer

They detoxify harmful substances and neutralize free radicals.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

It contains chromatin, which consists of DNA and proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a template for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered evidence for the endosymbiont theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and resemble bacteria in structure.

Cells, Plasma Membrane, and Cellular Organelles: Study Notes

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