Question 1

Which statement best describes the cell theory as outlined in modern biology?

Accepted Answer

Cells are the smallest unit of life, all organisms are made of one or more cells, and cells arise only from other cells.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT considered an extracellular material?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol

Question 3

According to the fluid mosaic model, which component increases the stiffness of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 4

Which type of membrane protein is most likely to function as a channel for facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Integral protein

Question 5

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 6

Which equation correctly expresses the relationship for osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) in $$terms of molarity ($$M$$), gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = MRT$$

Question 7

Which process requires energy directly from ATP hydrolysis to move ions against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 8

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, which cellular structure is primarily responsible for recognizing and binding specific molecules?

Accepted Answer

Membrane receptors

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for aerobic cellular respiration and contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 10

Which step of aerobic cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

What is the main function of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 12

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 13

Which cellular structure is responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Centrosome

Question 14

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 15

What is the primary difference between stem cells and progenitor cells?

Accepted Answer

Stem cells can divide indefinitely and differentiate into multiple cell types, while progenitor cells are more limited in their division and differentiation.

Question 16

Which mechanism is responsible for programmed cell death, involving caspase activation and DNA degradation?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Question 17

Which equation best represents the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP + heat$$

Question 18

Which cellular extension increases surface area for absorption in intestinal epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 19

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for digesting cellular debris and foreign material?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 20

Which theory of aging suggests that cumulative damage from free radicals leads to cellular dysfunction over time?

Accepted Answer

Wear and tear theory

Cells: The Living Unit – Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology (Marieb, Chapter 3)

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