Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in a generalized cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship for the rate of diffusion ($$J) $$across a membrane, according to Fick's Law?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a key difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport relies on the energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport.

Question 5

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ ATPase pump. What is the most likely immediate effect on the cell's membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The membrane potential will decrease (become less negative) because the ionic gradients are not maintained.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Accepted Answer

They help cells attach to extracellular molecules and to each other, playing a role in cell signaling and maintaining tissue structure.

Question 7

Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their lysosomes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Digestion and recycling of cellular waste and foreign material

Question 9

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It requires a membrane protein to transport substances down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the inside of a resting cell membrane is negative relative to the outside?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is more permeable to K$$^+$$, which diffuses out of the cell, leaving behind negatively charged proteins.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing ATP for cellular energy

Question 12

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of desmosomes?

Accepted Answer

They anchor adjacent cells together, providing mechanical strength to tissues.

Question 14

Which process is described by the equation $$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$ and where does it primarily occur in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Cellular respiration; mitochondria

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of G protein-coupled receptors?

Accepted Answer

They activate a second messenger system inside the cell in response to ligand binding.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.

Question 17

A scientist observes that a certain molecule crosses the plasma membrane only when a specific carrier protein is present, and the process does not require ATP. Which transport mechanism is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Question 18

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for cell movement and changes in cell shape?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why tight junctions are important in epithelial tissues lining the stomach?

Accepted Answer

They prevent digestive enzymes and acids from leaking between cells.

Question 20

During phagocytosis, which of the following best describes the fate of the material engulfed by the cell?

Accepted Answer

It is enclosed in a vesicle and then digested by lysosomes.

Cells: The Living Units – Structure and Function (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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