Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the sodium-potassium pump is essential for nerve and muscle function?

Accepted Answer

It maintains the electrochemical gradients by pumping 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+$$ into the cell, which is necessary for action potential generation.

Question 2

A patient receives an intravenous solution that is hypotonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cells, causing them to swell and possibly lyse.

Question 3

Which type of cell junction is most important in tissues that experience mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart?

Accepted Answer

Desmosomes, because they anchor cells together with interlocking proteins for mechanical stability.

Question 4

A tissue sample is observed to have cells that are tall and column-like, arranged in a single layer, with microvilli on their apical surface. Which tissue type is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a glue, providing structural support and holding cells together.

Question 6

A burn patient is evaluated using the 'rule of nines.' If the patient has burns covering the entire left arm and anterior trunk, what percentage of the body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

$$9\% ($$arm) $$+ 18\% ($$anterior trunk) $$= 27\%$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce keratin, which provides a protective, waterproof barrier.

Question 8

A biopsy of a gland reveals it is composed of a duct and secretory units arranged in lobes, with secretion occurring via exocytosis without cell rupture. Which type of gland and mode of secretion is this?

Accepted Answer

Multicellular exocrine gland with merocrine secretion

Question 9

Which connective tissue type is best suited for resisting tension from many directions and is found in the dermis of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 10

A patient with a genetic defect in collagen synthesis would most likely have problems with which tissue type?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue, because collagen provides tensile strength and support.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the stratum corneum is important for the skin's barrier function?

Accepted Answer

It consists of dead, keratinized cells that prevent water loss and block pathogens.

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

It is striated, involuntary, and contains intercalated discs.

Question 13

A person with jaundice has a yellowish skin color. Which pigment is most directly responsible for this clinical sign?

Accepted Answer

Bilirubin (not normally present in high amounts, but its accumulation causes jaundice)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the regenerative capacity of tissues?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue and bone have high regenerative capacity, while cardiac muscle and nervous tissue have poor or no regeneration.

Question 16

A patient presents with a wound that heals by fibrosis rather than regeneration. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Scar tissue forms, and the original function of the tissue may be lost.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells, enabling electrical and metabolic coupling.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands?

Accepted Answer

Thermoregulation by secreting a watery sweat that cools the body.

Question 19

A person with a genetic mutation affecting the function of melanocytes would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Altered skin pigmentation and increased sensitivity to UV radiation.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the hypodermis is important for overall body function?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a shock absorber, insulates the body, and anchors the skin to underlying muscles.

Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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