Question 1

Which of the following best describes the organization of the body from smallest to largest functional units?

Accepted Answer

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system

Question 2

A patient suffers a burn that destroys the tissue responsible for covering surfaces and forming glands. Which primary tissue type is affected?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue

Question 3

Homeostasis is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes

Question 4

Which of the following correctly lists the components of a negative feedback mechanism in order?

Accepted Answer

Sensor → Control center → Effector

Question 5

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell by osmosis. Which type of membrane transport is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 6

Which equation best represents the movement of ions during simple diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE about active transport?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient

Question 8

A neuron receives a chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on its membrane, activating a G protein, which then opens an ion channel. What is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Messenger binds receptor → G protein activated → Ion channel opens

Question 9

Which type of gated ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated channel

Question 10

During an action potential, which sequence of channel openings and closings occurs?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+$$ channels open (depolarization), then close; K$$^+$$ channels open (repolarization), then close (hyperpolarization)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the function of the absolute refractory period in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It ensures one-way propagation and limits the frequency of action potentials

Question 12

A patient has a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. Which cell type is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 13

Which of the following is a property of graded potentials but NOT action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Decay with distance

Question 14

Saltatory conduction is a feature of myelinated axons. What is the main advantage of this type of conduction?

Accepted Answer

It increases the speed of action potential transmission by jumping between nodes of Ranvier

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the anatomy of a typical chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

Question 16

Which of the following neurotransmitter classifications is stored in vesicles and can be released at synapses?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids, peptides, monoamines

Question 17

Which equation represents the energy requirement for active transport of ions across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = RT \ln \left( \frac{[C]_2}{[C]_1} \right) + zF\Delta V$$

Question 18

A researcher observes that a chemical messenger acts only on the cell that secreted it. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of gap junctions in cellular communication?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

Accepted Answer

Afferent neurons carry sensory info into CNS; efferent neurons carry motor commands from CNS to effectors

Cellular Organization, Membrane Transport, and Neural Signaling: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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