Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3$$ sodium ions out of the cell and $$2$$ potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 2

During aerobic cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and what is the result of this acceptance?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O_2$}$$); it combines with electrons and protons to form water ($$\mathrm{H_2O}).$$

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis does not require oxygen and can regenerate NAD$$^+$$ through fermentation.

Question 4

A patient is experiencing muscle fatigue due to a lack of oxygen. Which metabolic pathway is most likely providing ATP to the muscle cells under these conditions?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation in the cytoplasm

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the relationship between osmosis and tonicity in a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink (crenate).

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Contraction to produce movement

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD$$^+$$ and FAD in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They are electron carriers that transport electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of the cell cycle in order, starting after cell division?

Accepted Answer

G1, S, G2, M

Question 10

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of desmosomes. Which tissue would be most affected by this defect?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the electron transport chain produces more ATP than glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

The electron transport chain uses the energy from electrons carried by NADH and FADH$$_2 to $$pump protons and generate a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between connective tissue proper and epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue proper has a large amount of extracellular matrix, while epithelial tissue has very little.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions between epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the passage of substances between adjacent cells.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a membrane protein, without using energy.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and are involved in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle.

Question 16

A cell is unable to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Which process will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the matrix in connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and determines the tissue's physical properties.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to a surface.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) cannot function in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Without oxygen, NADH and FADH$$_2$$ cannot be oxidized in the electron transport chain, leading to a shortage of NAD$$^+$$ and FAD needed for the cycle.

Question 20

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of gap junctions in cardiac muscle. Which of the following would most likely result from this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Impaired electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells, leading to arrhythmias.

Cellular Transport, Respiration, and Tissue Structure: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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