Question 1

A patient presents with a loss of voluntary movement on the left side of their body following a stroke. Based on your knowledge of neural pathways, where did the stroke most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

In the right cerebral hemisphere, due to decussation of the corticospinal tracts at the medulla oblongata.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from its production to its return to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Choroid plexus → ventricles → subarachnoid space → arachnoid villi → venous blood

Question 3

A patient is unable to turn their head toward the injured side and has paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Which cranial nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

XI (Accessory)

Question 4

Which of the following tracts is responsible for transmitting sensory information about discriminative touch from the lower limbs to the somatosensory cortex?

Accepted Answer

Fasciculus gracilis

Question 5

Which of the following is a function controlled ONLY by the sympathetic nervous system and not by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature via blood shunting mechanisms

Question 6

A patient with Parkinson’s disease is experiencing movement difficulties due to a lack of which neurotransmitter, and in which brain structure is this deficiency most pronounced?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine in the substantia nigra

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the cornea can be transplanted with minimal risk of immune rejection?

Accepted Answer

It lacks a blood supply, so immune cells do not access it easily.

Question 8

Which cranial nerves are responsible for moving the eyeball (extrinsic eye muscles)?

Accepted Answer

III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducens)

Question 9

A patient is experiencing difficulty swallowing and impaired digestion. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

X (Vagus)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between fissures, sulci, and gyri in the cerebrum?

Accepted Answer

Fissures are deep depressions, sulci are shallow depressions, and gyri are elevated ridges.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct order of the basic components of a reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor $$\rightarrow$$ sensory neuron $$\rightarrow$$ integration center $$\rightarrow$$ motor neuron $$\rightarrow$$ effector

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why a person with damage to the dorsal root ganglion would lose sensation but retain motor function in the affected area?

Accepted Answer

The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons only.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay station that sorts, edits, and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Question 14

A patient is unable to perceive color but can still see in low light conditions. Which photoreceptors are likely nonfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Cones

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of accommodation in the eye when focusing on a near object?

Accepted Answer

The lens bulges, the ciliary muscle contracts, pupils constrict, and the eyeballs converge.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neurotransmitters released by the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

All preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine; postganglionic sympathetic fibers release epinephrine; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release acetylcholine.

Question 17

A patient presents with a loss of vision in the right visual field of both eyes. Where is the most likely location of the lesion?

Accepted Answer

Left optic tract, after decussation at the medulla oblongata

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why pain from a heart attack is often felt down the medial side of the left arm?

Accepted Answer

Referred pain occurs because pain fibers from the heart and somatic fibers from the arm run closely together.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

It provides subconscious proprioception and coordinates precise timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct order of sound transmission through the ear?

Accepted Answer

Pinna $$\rightarrow$$ external auditory canal $$\rightarrow$$ tympanic membrane $$\rightarrow$$ ossicles $$\rightarrow$$ oval window $$\rightarrow$$ cochlea

Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, and Special Senses: Study Guide

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