Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the central nervous system (CNS) is highly vulnerable to interruptions in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

The CNS has a high rate of metabolic activity and limited energy reserves, making it dependent on continuous blood supply.

Question 2

A patient experiences sudden weakness on one side of the body and difficulty speaking, which resolves within an hour. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The BBB is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries.

Question 4

Which equation best represents the relationship between cerebral blood flow ($$CBF$$), cerebral perfusion pressure ($$CPP$$), and cerebrovascular resistance ($$CVR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CBF = \dfrac{CPP}{CVR}$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a major difference between gray matter and white matter in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter consists primarily of myelinated axons.

Question 6

A patient suffers a hemorrhagic stroke. Which of the following best describes the underlying pathology?

Accepted Answer

A blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into surrounding tissue.

Question 7

Which of the following substances can cross the blood-brain barrier most easily?

Accepted Answer

Small lipophilic molecules such as ethanol

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of myelin in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Myelin increases the speed of action potential transmission along axons.

Question 9

Which of the following is a consequence of reduced blood flow to the CNS for several minutes?

Accepted Answer

Permanent and irreversible damage to CNS tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why glucose is the primary energy source for neurons in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Neurons lack enzymes to metabolize fatty acids efficiently.

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be administered within the first few hours?

Accepted Answer

Administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes stimulate endothelial cells to develop tight junctions, maintaining the barrier.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

White matter is located on the outside, while gray matter is on the inside.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum?

Accepted Answer

It connects the two halves of the cerebrum, allowing communication between cerebral hemispheres.

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of damage to the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Unrestricted entry of harmful substances into the CNS.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the CNS cannot use fatty acids as a major energy source?

Accepted Answer

Neurons lack the necessary enzymes to metabolize fatty acids efficiently.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process by which glucose enters the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT-1 transporters.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the metabolic activity of the CNS compared to other body tissues?

Accepted Answer

The CNS has a higher rate of glucose and oxygen consumption than most other tissues.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of a stroke on brain function?

Accepted Answer

A stroke can cause permanent brain damage due to loss of blood flow and oxygen.

Central Nervous System: Blood Supply, Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Neural Tissue Organization

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