Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump?

$$3\ \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{in}} + 2\ \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{out}} + \mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow 3\ \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2\ \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}} + \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate the interstitial environment.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is characterized by demyelination in the CNS. Which neuroglial cell is primarily affected in this disease?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium exchange pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell per ATP.

Question 4

A neuron receives two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in rapid succession at the same synapse. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation

Question 5

Which type of ion channel opens in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor?

Accepted Answer

Chemically gated (ligand-gated) ion channel

Question 6

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium rushes out.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why action potentials travel faster in myelinated axons than in unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows action potentials to jump from node to node, a process called saltatory propagation.

Question 8

A graded potential that makes the membrane potential more negative than the resting potential is called:

Accepted Answer

Hyperpolarization

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the all-or-none principle of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

If threshold is reached, an action potential of the same size is always generated.

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is most important for memory and learning in the brain and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 11

A patient is exposed to a bacterial toxin that damages Schwann cells. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Demyelination of peripheral nerves leading to muscle weakness

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of microglia in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They act as phagocytes, removing debris and pathogens.

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

$$3\ \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{in}} + 2\ \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{out}} + \mathrm{ATP} ightarrow 3\ \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2\ \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}} + \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between Type A and Type C nerve fibers?

Accepted Answer

Type A fibers are myelinated and large-diameter, transmitting signals rapidly; Type C fibers are unmyelinated and small-diameter, transmitting signals slowly.

Question 15

A patient is unable to feel pain or temperature in a specific region of their skin. Which type of sensory receptor is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Exteroceptors

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane?

Accepted Answer

The effect depends on the properties of the receptor, not the neurotransmitter itself.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of Wallerian degeneration?

Accepted Answer

The axon distal to the injury degenerates, and Schwann cells form a path for new axonal growth.

Question 18

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in presynaptic inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A second neuron forms an axoaxonic synapse and decreases neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential is negative?

Accepted Answer

The cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions, which leak out, and large negatively charged proteins remain inside.

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue – Structured Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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