$$\text{Hematocrit} = \frac{\text{Volume of RBCs}}{\text{Total Blood Volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why males typically have a higher hematocrit than females?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production, increasing RBC count.

Question 2

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 60% and symptoms of dehydration. Which condition is most likely present, and what is a potential risk?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia; increased risk of blood clotting.

Question 3

Which plasma protein is the major contributor to osmotic pressure and also acts as a carrier for hormones and calcium?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A blood sample is centrifuged. Which layer contains the majority of white blood cells and platelets, and what is this layer called?

Accepted Answer

The middle thin layer; buffy coat

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the structure and function relationship of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Their biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange.

Question 6

If a person has a decreased red blood cell count, what will happen to their blood plasma percentage and why?

Accepted Answer

Plasma percentage will increase because there are fewer RBCs to occupy volume.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 8

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the fate of hemoglobin when old erythrocytes are destroyed?

Accepted Answer

Heme is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile; iron is recycled; globin is broken down to amino acids.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about leukocytes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes are the only complete cells among the formed elements.

Question 11

A patient has a WBC count of 15,000/mm³ following a bacterial infection. What is this condition called, and what does it indicate?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis; an elevated WBC count due to infection

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of basophils in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They release histamine, causing vasodilation and attracting other WBCs to inflamed sites.

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Increased maturation of committed erythroid progenitor cells

Question 14

A person living at high altitude develops an increased RBC count. Which physiological mechanism best explains this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen levels stimulate the kidneys to release EPO, increasing erythropoiesis.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the oxygen-carrying capacity of a single erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

Each erythrocyte contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each carrying up to 4 oxygen molecules.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in a single RBC?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{O}_2\ 	ext{carried} = 250,000,000 	imes 4$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of leukocytes out of capillaries into tissues.

Question 18

A patient with a genetic mutation causing defective spectrin in erythrocytes would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reduced RBC flexibility, leading to increased hemolysis.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for endocrine organs.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the fate of bilirubin derived from hemoglobin breakdown?

Accepted Answer

It is secreted by the liver into bile and eliminated in the intestines.

Chapter 18: Blood – Composition, Functions, and Formed Elements

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