Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes (red blood cells) have a biconcave disc shape?

Accepted Answer

It optimizes the surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitating efficient gas exchange and enabling flexibility in narrow vessels.

Question 2

A blood sample is centrifuged and the hematocrit is measured. If the hematocrit is 60%, which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis following a blood vessel injury?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 4

A patient with sickle cell anemia has a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin. What is the primary consequence of this mutation at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes take on a sickle or crescent shape, leading to impaired oxygen transport.

Question 5

Which of the following blood components is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes

Question 6

If a person has type AB+ blood, which antibodies are present in their plasma?

Accepted Answer

None of the above

Question 7

Which cell type is derived from megakaryocytes and plays a crucial role in blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Platelets

Question 8

A patient’s blood smear shows an abnormally high number of eosinophils. Which condition is most likely associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Question 9

Which plasma protein is essential for blood clotting and is converted into fibrin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 10

Given the following formula for hematocrit: $$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100\%$$, calculate the hematocrit if a blood sample contains 45 mL of red blood cells in a total volume of 100 mL.

Accepted Answer

$$45\%$$

Question 11

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is the first to respond to bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

Which pathway(s) can lead to the activation of the common pathway in blood coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

Question 13

A patient with polycythemia has an elevated hematocrit. What is a potential risk associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of blood clots due to higher blood viscosity

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Carrying oxygen directly

Question 15

During erythropoiesis, which organ is primarily responsible for producing erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell formation?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of monocytes after they leave the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytose pathogens and debris.

Question 17

A patient is found to have a depressed hematocrit. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 18

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following cells is characterized by a large nucleus and is involved in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocyte

Question 20

A patient with a wound is experiencing the migration of leukocytes toward the site of injury. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis

Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System – Blood (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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