Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It is a double-walled sac that protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling of the heart.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following symptoms is most directly caused by the roughening of the pericardial membrane surfaces?

Accepted Answer

A creaking sound (pericardial friction rub) heard with a stethoscope

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the pulmonary and systemic circuits is correct?

Accepted Answer

The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the pulmonary circuit.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood at a higher pressure to the systemic circuit.

Question 5

During ventricular systole, which event occurs to prevent backflow of blood into the atria?

Accepted Answer

The atrioventricular (AV) valves close.

Question 6

A patient with aortic valve stenosis is likely to experience which of the following physiological changes?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload and the heart must exert more force to pump blood

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle cells before contraction, the stronger the force of contraction.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 9

If a patient’s end diastolic volume ($$EDV) is$$ $$130\,ml$$ and end systolic volume ($$ESV) is$$ $$60\,ml$$, what is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 70\,ml$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and contractility.

Question 11

A patient is experiencing bradycardia. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

A resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute

Question 12

Which of the following is the primary effect of acetylcholine on pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node?

Accepted Answer

It opens potassium channels, causing hyperpolarization.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the plateau phase of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It is due to the influx of calcium ions through slow channels.

Question 14

A patient with hyperkalemia (elevated blood potassium) is at risk for which of the following cardiac effects?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization of the resting membrane potential, leading to heart block and cardiac arrest

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why high blood pressure is damaging to the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases afterload, so the left ventricle must contract more forcefully to expel the same amount of blood.

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct result of left-sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema due to blood backing up in the lungs

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They anchor cardiac cells together and allow electrical coupling via gap junctions.

Question 18

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged P-R interval. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

First-degree heart block

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue?

Accepted Answer

It has a high number of mitochondria and depends on aerobic respiration.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical excitation in the heart during one heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System – The Heart

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