Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a sac-like structure that surrounds and protects the heart, reducing friction during heartbeats.

Question 2

A patient presents with pericarditis. Which of the following complications is most likely to occur if pericardial fluid accumulates excessively?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade, which impairs the heart's ability to fill and pump blood.

Question 3

Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle responsible for contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

During ventricular contraction, which heart valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 5

Trace the path of blood through the heart starting from the superior vena cava. Which sequence is correct?

Accepted Answer

Superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 6

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle cells is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are striated, typically uninucleate, and connected by intercalated discs.

Question 7

A patient has a prolapsed mitral valve. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Question 8

Which vessel receives blood when the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart opens?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary trunk

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood through the entire systemic circuit, requiring greater force.

Question 10

Which of the following is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure and cigarette smoking

Question 11

A patient undergoes balloon angioplasty to treat atherosclerosis. What is the primary goal of this procedure?

Accepted Answer

To compress the plaque against the vessel wall and restore blood flow.

Question 12

Which equation correctly relates cardiac output ($$CO$$), heart rate ($$HR$$), and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of Ca$$^{2+}$$ ions in cardiac muscle action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Ca$$^{2+}$$ ions are responsible for the plateau phase, prolonging depolarization and contraction.

Question 14

Which of the following structures electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

The cardiac skeleton (fibrous skeleton)

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Accepted Answer

The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk into the ventricles.

Question 17

A patient with coronary artery disease (CAD) is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Coronary ischemia due to reduced blood flow to the myocardium.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Systole refers to the contraction phase, and diastole refers to the relaxation phase.

Question 19

Which of the following factors would most likely increase stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility of the ventricular myocardium

Chapter 18: The Heart and Cardiovascular Function – Study Notes

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