Q: Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop for calcium homeostasis in bone tissue?

$$Ca^{2+}$$_{blood} \xrightarrow{\text{decrease}} \text{Parathyroid hormone} \xrightarrow{\text{increase}} \text{Osteoclast activity} \xrightarrow{\text{increase}} $$Ca^{2+}$$_{blood}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

They hold bones together at joints (articulations).

Question 2

Which type of cartilage is most likely to be found in the intervertebral discs and knee menisci, and what property does it provide?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; provides high compressibility and tensile strength.

Question 3

A patient presents with exaggerated thoracic curvature resulting in a hunchback appearance. Which spinal abnormality does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Kyphosis

Question 4

Which bone marking is a rounded articular projection that often forms a joint?

Accepted Answer

Condyle

Question 5

How does the adult skull differ from the fetal skull in terms of bone fusion?

Accepted Answer

The adult skull has fused sutures, while the fetal skull has fontanels and unfused sutures.

Question 6

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone formed within tendons in response to strain?

Accepted Answer

Patella

Question 7

A compound fracture is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The skin and tissues around the fracture are damaged.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop for calcium homeostasis in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca^{2+}$$_{blood} \xrightarrow{	ext{decrease}} 	ext{Parathyroid hormone} \xrightarrow{	ext{increase}} 	ext{Osteoclast activity} \xrightarrow{	ext{increase}} $$Ca^{2+}$$_{blood}$$

Question 9

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Pectoral girdle

Question 10

A patient with a sedentary lifestyle is at risk for which bone remodeling outcome?

Accepted Answer

Increased bone resorption due to lack of mechanical stress.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct number of bones in the adult vertebral column?

Accepted Answer

33

Question 12

Which bone marking allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves through a bone?

Accepted Answer

Foramen

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral discs?

Accepted Answer

Acts as a resilient shock absorber between vertebrae.

Question 14

Which of the following bones fuse to form the adult hip bone?

Accepted Answer

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 15

Which of the following is a projection that serves as a site for ligament or tendon attachment?

Accepted Answer

Crest

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the thoracic cage?

Accepted Answer

It consists of 25 bones, including the sternum and ribs.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

A hematoma forms, followed by infiltration of fibroblasts and chondroblasts to create a soft callus.

Question 18

Which of the following equations best represents the total number of bones in the adult appendicular skeleton?

Accepted Answer

$$4 + 60 + 2 + 60 = 126$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a cranial bone?

Accepted Answer

Frontal

Question 20

Which of the following is a facial bone?

Accepted Answer

Zygomatic

Chapter 7: The Skeletal System – Structure, Components, and Functions

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