Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water can dissolve many substances due to its polarity, allowing it to interact with and separate ions and polar molecules.

Question 2

A patient’s blood pH drops to 7.1. Which of the following best describes this condition and its potential consequences?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis, which can disrupt enzyme function and be fatal if not corrected.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 4

Which chemical formula represents a carbohydrate, and what is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

C$$_6H$_{12}O$_6$$; $$C_nH_{2n}O_n$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between an acid and a base in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

Acids release hydrogen ions (H$$^+$$), while bases release hydroxide ions (OH$$^-).$$

Question 6

A solution has a pH of 4. How many times more acidic is it than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

1000 times

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct statement about salts in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Salts dissociate in water to release cations and anions, neither of which is H$$^+ or OH$^-.$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers resist abrupt changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions as needed.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of glycogen in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It is the main storage form of glucose for energy.

Question 10

Which of the following best distinguishes organic from inorganic compounds in the body?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds contain carbon and are covalently bonded; inorganic compounds generally do not contain carbon.

Question 11

A patient is given an intravenous solution of 0.9% NaCl. What type of solution is this, and why is it used in medicine?

Accepted Answer

It is an isotonic solution used to maintain fluid balance without causing cells to shrink or swell.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the relationship between monomers and polymers in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are large molecules made by joining together many monomers.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of a catabolic reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose during fasting

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why lipids are important components of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are insoluble in water, creating a barrier that separates the cell from its environment.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide, the building block of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide consists of a monosaccharide, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as the primary energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct comparison between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 18

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-8}$$ M. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

pH = 8

Question 19

Which of the following best describes anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Anabolism involves building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Chemical Level of Organization: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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