Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of an atom?

Accepted Answer

A nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 3

A sodium atom (Na) loses one electron to become Na⁺. What type of ion is Na⁺ and what is its charge?

Accepted Answer

Cation, +1 charge

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of dehydration synthesis (condensation)?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids with the release of water.

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of pH?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 3. Compared to a solution with a pH of 6, how many times more acidic is it?

Accepted Answer

1,000 times more acidic

Question 8

Which of the following best describes hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which water is used to break a bond in a polymer, resulting in smaller subunits.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage and supply (e.g., glycogen, starch)

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids – nucleotides

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a saturated fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?

Accepted Answer

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an exergonic reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of neutralization?

Accepted Answer

A reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.

Question 18

Which of the following is a property of water that makes it an excellent solvent for biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Its polarity allows it to dissolve many ionic and polar substances.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Storing and transmitting genetic information.

Question 20

A patient is given an intravenous solution of NaCl. What type of compound is NaCl and what is its function in the body?

Accepted Answer

Salt; helps maintain electrolyte balance.

Chemistry Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology: Atoms, Bonds, and Macromolecules

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