Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference in neurotransmitter release between sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release norepinephrine, while parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased digestive activity. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the anatomical pathway of sympathetic neurons to their target effectors?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are short and postganglionic neurons are long.

Question 4

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 5

A patient has a tumor in the anterior pituitary that causes excess growth hormone secretion. Which of the following is a likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

If a patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an end-systolic volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL$$, what is the stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70\,mL$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the medulla oblongata to adjust autonomic output.

Question 9

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 10

Which of the following statements about capillary exchange is correct?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the capillary.

Question 11

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged QRS complex. Which cardiac event is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the refractory period in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period in cardiac muscle cells prevents tetanus and allows proper heart function.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, often with opposing effects.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased end-diastolic volume increases stroke volume due to greater stretch of cardiac muscle fibers.

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly calculates mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$using systolic ($$SP) $$and diastolic ($$DP) $$pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DP + \frac{1}{3}(SP - DP)$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 17

A patient is given a drug that blocks muscarinic receptors. Which effect would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Decreased salivation

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased contractility on stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility increases stroke volume.

Question 19

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Comprehensive Study Guide: Autonomic Nervous System, Endocrine System, and Cardiovascular System

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