Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, while white matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons.

Question 2

A patient suffers a stroke that damages the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary motor control

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of membrane potential using the Nernst equation for potassium ions ($$K^+$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$E_K = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and glucose are critical for proper brain function?

Accepted Answer

They are the primary substrates for ATP production in neurons, which is essential for maintaining ion gradients and synaptic transmission.

Question 5

A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of the body and loss of motor function on the left side. Which spinal cord tract is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Spinothalamic tract

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells and astrocyte end-feet, restricting passage of many substances.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the thalamus in sensory physiology?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay station, directing sensory information to appropriate cortical areas.

Question 8

A patient is unable to distinguish between two closely spaced points on their skin. Which sensory concept is most directly involved?

Accepted Answer

Lateral inhibition

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the Excitation-Contraction Coupling pathway in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Action potential → release of acetylcholine → depolarization of sarcolemma → calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum → cross-bridge formation

Question 10

Which of the following muscle types is most resistant to fatigue and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers, because they have abundant mitochondria and myoglobin.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 12

Which equation best represents the relationship between force ($$F$$), cross-sectional area ($$A$$), and muscle tension ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = T 	imes A$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, allowing synchronized contraction.

Question 14

A patient is experiencing referred pain in their left arm during a heart attack. Which physiological principle explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Convergence of visceral and somatic sensory pathways onto the same spinal neurons

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is correct?

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic branch uses acetylcholine at both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches produce opposite effects on the same target organ.

Question 17

Which of the following correctly matches the sensory receptor type with its function?

Accepted Answer

Free nerve endings: detect pain and temperature

Question 18

A patient is unable to maintain muscle contraction during sustained activity. Which muscle fiber type is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between tonic and phasic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Tonic receptors maintain a constant response to a stimulus, while phasic receptors adapt rapidly and respond only to changes.

Comprehensive Study Guide: Central Nervous System, Sensory Physiology, Efferent Division, and Muscles

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