Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between osteoid and hydroxyapatite in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoid is the organic matrix providing flexibility, while hydroxyapatite is the inorganic mineral providing hardness.

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone.

Question 3

Which of the following bones forms primarily through intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Parietal bone of the skull

Question 4

A synovial joint contains all of the following structures EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions necessary for the initiation of contraction.

Question 6

During a 100-meter sprint, which pathway is primarily responsible for ATP generation in muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows for saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 8

A patient is exposed to a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase. What is the most likely effect at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged muscle contraction due to increased acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the adult central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between temporal and spatial summation in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation involves one synapse firing rapidly in succession; spatial summation involves multiple synapses firing simultaneously.

Question 11

Which structure of the spinal cord contains only sensory neuron axons entering the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal root

Question 12

Which of the following cranial nerves is purely sensory?

Accepted Answer

Optic (II)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of activating beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and contractility

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of voluntary muscle movements and balance

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Accepted Answer

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 16

Which of the following structures is part of the inner ear and is essential for detecting angular acceleration?

Accepted Answer

Semicircular canals

Question 17

A patient suffers damage to the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Initiation of voluntary motor signals to skeletal muscles

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of rods in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Detect low-light (scotopic) vision and are sensitive to rhodopsin

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the sympathetic nervous system can produce a widespread response in the body?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons can diverge to multiple effectors and the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the basilar membrane in the cochlea?

Accepted Answer

Vibrates in response to sound waves, stimulating hair cells in the organ of Corti

Comprehensive Study Notes: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, and Sensory Systems

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