Question 1

Which of the following best explains why obstructive lung diseases such as asthma primarily affect expiration rather than inspiration?

Accepted Answer

During expiration, the airways become narrower, making the fixed obstruction proportionally more significant.

Question 2

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to have which of the following changes in their spirometry results?

Accepted Answer

Increased residual volume and decreased vital capacity

Question 3

Which of the following is the primary reason why hyperventilation can cause fainting?

Accepted Answer

Excessive loss of CO$$_2$$ leads to blood alkalosis, reducing cerebral blood flow.

Question 4

Which of the following formulas correctly calculates alveolar ventilation rate ($$V_A$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$V_A = (V_T - V_D) 	imes f$$

Question 5

At high altitude, a person is unable to increase their alveolar ventilation in response to low oxygen. Which structure is most likely dysfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the pre-Bötzinger complex in normal quiet breathing?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a pacemaker, generating rhythmic signals to the diaphragm via somatic motor neurons.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding central chemoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

They respond primarily to changes in CO$$_2$$ that diffuse into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 8

A person at rest at sea level has an alveolar PO$$_2 of 100 $$mmHg and PCO$$_2 of 40 $$mmHg. If they begin to hyperventilate, what is the most likely immediate effect?

Accepted Answer

Alveolar PCO$$_2$$ decreases, leading to respiratory alkalosis.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why a person with restrictive lung disease has a reduced vital capacity?

Accepted Answer

The lungs are less compliant, limiting maximal inspiration.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a peripheral chemoreceptor senses low PO$$_2$$?

Accepted Answer

Potassium channels close, cell depolarizes, voltage-gated calcium channels open, neurotransmitter is released.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the relationship between CO$$_2$$ and blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$ leads to increased H$$^+$$ concentration, lowering pH (more acidic).

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between CO$$_2$$ and bicarbonate in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2} + \mathrm{H_2O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{HCO_3^-} + \mathrm{H^+}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is the most reliable signal for the respiratory control centers to adjust ventilation?

Accepted Answer

Partial pressure of CO$$_2 ($$PCO$$_2)$$

Question 14

A person with sleep apnea experiences repeated episodes of airway obstruction during sleep. What is the primary physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Intermittent hypoxia leading to frequent arousals from sleep

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why a person at high altitude may wake up gasping for air during sleep?

Accepted Answer

Low PO$$_2$$ triggers peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation after CO$$_2-$$driven hypoventilation.

Question 16

Which of the following muscles are recruited during forced expiration in response to a respiratory stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the response of ventilation to changes in alveolar PO$$_2$$ and PCO$$_2 is $$correct?

Accepted Answer

Ventilation rate is much more sensitive to changes in PCO$$_2$$ than to changes in PO$$_2.$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the proportion of tidal volume that consists of fresh air, lowering alveolar PO$$_2.$$

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT involved in normal quiet breathing?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input from chemoreceptors

Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Pathologies: Obstructive vs. Restrictive Disorders, Chemoreceptor Regulation, and Adaptation to High Altitude

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