Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating fasting blood glucose if a patient’s blood sample contains 0.9 g/L of glucose? (1 mg/dL = 0.01 g/L)

$$0.9 \times 100 = 90\ \text{mg/dL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly traces the pathway of food through the GI tract, including the major sphincters and valves?

Accepted Answer

Oral cavity → Oropharynx → Esophagus → Cardiac sphincter → Stomach → Pyloric sphincter → Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum → Ileocecal valve → Cecum → Ascending colon → Transverse colon → Descending colon → Sigmoid colon → Rectum → Anus

Question 2

Which layer of the GI tract is primarily responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

Accepted Answer

Muscularis externa

Question 3

A patient presents with a random blood glucose of 210 mg/dL. According to the provided ranges, which condition does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Question 4

Which cell type in the pancreas secretes insulin, and what is the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; decreases blood glucose

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and what is its main cellular component?

Accepted Answer

Villus; absorptive cell

Question 6

A patient has an A1C blood test result of 6.2%. According to the provided ranges, what is the most accurate classification?

Accepted Answer

Pre-diabetes

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of goblet cells in the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

Secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the lining

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating fasting blood glucose if a patient’s blood sample contains 0.9 g/L of glucose? (1 mg/dL = 0.01 g/L)

Accepted Answer

$$0.9 	imes 100 = 90\ 	ext{mg/dL}$$

Question 9

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the liver lobule triad?

Accepted Answer

Central vein

Question 10

A patient with cirrhosis is most likely to have impaired function of which cell type in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Kupffer cells

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the ileocecal valve?

Accepted Answer

Regulates passage of food from the ileum to the cecum

Question 12

Which of the following is the best diagnostic tool for diabetes according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Fasting blood glucose

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches the salivary gland with the type of acinar cells it predominantly contains?

Accepted Answer

Parotid gland: serous acinar cells

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the chief cells in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Secrete pepsinogen

Question 15

Which anatomical feature increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Villi

Question 16

If a patient’s fasting blood glucose is 110 mg/dL, which category does this value fall into?

Accepted Answer

Pre-diabetes

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the wall of the GI tract from innermost to outermost?

Accepted Answer

Mucosa → Submucosa → Muscularis → Serosa

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

Accepted Answer

Regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Question 19

Which of the following structures is found only in the duodenum and is responsible for secreting alkaline mucus?

Accepted Answer

Brunner’s glands

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating A1C percentage if a patient’s average blood glucose is 150 mg/dL? (Use the formula $$	ext{A1C} = (	ext{Average Glucose} + 46.7) \div 28.7)$$

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{150 + 46.7}{28.7} = 6.86\%$$

Digestive System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Correlates

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