Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood glucose, muscle wasting, and frequent infections. Laboratory tests reveal elevated ACTH and cortisol levels. Which endocrine axis is most likely overactive?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

A person with an iodine-deficient diet develops a goiter. Which of the following best explains the physiological mechanism behind this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of TSH due to low thyroxine levels stimulates thyroid gland growth.

Question 5

Which of the following hormones is classified as a steroid and is synthesized from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 6

A patient with low blood calcium is found to have decreased secretion of a hormone from the parathyroid gland. Which hormone is deficient, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble (polar) hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell surface and activate second messenger systems.

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and acts to retain sodium and water in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 9

A child is diagnosed with cretinism. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition, and what is a key symptom?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); impaired neurological development

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen making the uterus more responsive to progesterone

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted in a circadian rhythm by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 12

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased activity, weight loss, and intolerance to heat

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

High levels of thyroxine (T4) inhibit secretion of TRH and TSH.

Question 14

Which of the following hormones is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

Which second messenger system is primarily activated by epinephrine binding to beta-adrenergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Adenylate cyclase-cAMP system

Question 16

A patient is given a synthetic steroid hormone orally. Which property allows this hormone to be effective when taken by mouth?

Accepted Answer

It is lipophilic and can be absorbed through the intestinal wall.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in growth hormone action?

Accepted Answer

IGFs are produced in response to growth hormone and mediate its effects on tissue growth.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the body?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 19

Which hormone is most likely to use a tyrosine kinase receptor mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 20

A patient with a pituitary tumor has elevated prolactin levels. Which hypothalamic hormone is most likely deficient, leading to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

P: Chapter 11

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